Oral Health And Its Major Components

Oral Health And Its Major ComponentsOral cavity, tongue, throat, and palate are the basic of understanding oral hygiene. Molar volume definition chemistry is an important aspect of oral health as it goes into proper staining and cleaning of teeth, gum and tongue.There are various methods for determining molar volume as per your dental history and oral history of your family. These methods take into consideration various risk factors and also susceptibility to disease development. As a result, the risk factors are also taken into consideration while selecting the dentist. In order to determine the volume of a tooth, an x-ray is taken.These x-rays give a clear impression of the size of the tooth, the malocclusion (rounded appearance), and the position of the tooth in relation to other teeth. Based on these impressions, the dentist can consider several possibilities for treatment or the decision to treat the whole tooth or just a particular tooth. Once the results are compiled, you will be directed to some treatment options that fit your oral health and also the risk factors.A specialist knows how to apply the treatment according to the specific circumstances. This process involves different stages of cleaning and may even involve surgery depending on the severity of the malocclusion. For the full effect of the treatment, oral hygiene, which includes brush and flossing, should be maintained to keep the mouth free from bacteria.Most of the dentists prefer to use a milder cleaning agent, like baking soda, so as to reduce the amount of harsh detergents that may be used on the teeth. It should also be noted that for the purpose of treating plaque and tartar, most dentists use cleansers to improve the condition of the teeth.Brushing is of utmost importance in getting rid of tartar and plaque. Asoft bristle brush used with fluoride and alum, and citric acid cleanses the teeth to a great extent. Apart from a soft brush, the use of apple cider vinegar also serves as a ver y good toothpaste as it gives a gentle brushing action and also removes plaque and tartar.The above mentioned tips and techniques are helpful in improving mouth hygiene. A complete system of oral hygiene is recommended for regular practice to ensure complete healing of the mouth and dental care.

How Movies Misrepresent Introverts - Introvert Whisperer

Introvert Whisperer / How Movies Misrepresent Introverts - Introvert Whisperer How Movies Misrepresent Introverts Kayla Matthews March 13, 2019 Emotional Intelligence No responses Go to top We hear categorizations such as introvert and extrovert all the time. Sometimes youll even hear the phrase ambivert thrown in there, which is someone who displays both introverted and extroverted characteristics. Popular culture would have us believe everyones personality fits into one of these tidy little boxes, and were supposed to think the depictions of these individuals on the big and small screen are accurate. Ill let you in on a little secret â€" theyre not. Extroverts in popular culture are larger than life, always pictured as the center of attention and the person everyone wants to talk to at a party. Introverts, on the other hand, almost always get relegated to the wallflower position â€" the person who hides in the corner with a book or sketchbook in hand, making friends with the neighbors pets or potted plants. Why shouldnt you rely on movies for accurate introvert representation? The Introvert Portrayal Think of your favorite movie or television show. Which characters come across as extroverted, and which appear to be more introverted? Extroverts are the characters that have all the friends and are always the center of attention. They may even be the protagonist of the show. The introvert, on the other hand, can be the main character, but may find themselves deferring to the extroverted supporting cast. They dont talk in public if they can help it, and only open up to close friends. Theyre more likely to go with the flow, and if theres a party scene, theyre almost always on the outskirts, talking to the dog or cat of the house. Heres one example in popular culture: Daenerys Targaryen, the mother of dragons, is an introvert. Shes quiet and reserved until she has a reason not to be, is very independent â€" especially once she becomes khaleesi â€" but doesnt make a spectacle of herself. She gets the job done in the best way she knows how. Her brother, Viserys, is a textbook extrovert. Hes overblown, loud, demands all the attention and hates it when things dont go his way. The Real Introvert The real introvert isnt anything like the characters portrayed in television and movies. Whats correct, and what isnt? Myth: Introverts dont have any friends. An introvert might have a huge social circle, but they are very selective in who they choose to call a friend. Truth: Introverts prefer time to themselves. Social environments are often exhausting for introverts, especially ones with large crowds. Myth: Introverts escape from parties and write poetry on the bathroom walls. Truth: Introverts might escape from parties and write poetry, but few of them do it on bathroom walls. (Thats what notebooks are for!) Myth: Introverts dont talk to anyone. Truth: Introverts are naturally reserved. Rather than speaking over someone, like extroverts are prone to do, theyll stay quiet until they feel they have something of value to add to the conversation. Many prefer writing over talking, which is why you may have better success texting them, instead of calling. Myth: If you invite an introvert anywhere, theyll say no. Truth: Social interactions are exhausting for introverts, so they may decline an invitation to a huge party or an event where there will be a large crowd of people. Theyll also need time to recharge afterward. Where to Find Accurate Representation Where can you find accurate introvert representation in popular culture? The Introverts Web Series is a comedy series that focuses on introverted characters. The creator and her team are primarily introspective, and found they couldnt relate to women in pop culture because theyre all portrayed as extroverted. Most of the cast of the TV series Bones is introverted â€" each works well alone and has their specialty, but can collaborate with the rest of the team when necessary. I love this show because it also demonstrates how an introverts tendencies can complement an extroverts boldness â€" Booth and Bones are two sides of the same coin, with Booth being an almost textbook extrovert. Sherlock in BBCs titular show may appear to be extroverted, but hes an excellent example of a social introvert, and one of my favorites. Hes brash and bold, outspoken when its necessary and presents his thoughts in an unbiased manner. He only has one close friend â€" Let me emphasize that Self-Promotion doesn’t have to be obnoxious to be effective.  But, if you don’t Self-Promote you, who will? If you ever want to get ahead, you have to learn how to Self-Promote. I want to help you accelerate your career by connecting you with your Free Instant Access to my video that shows you simple, yet effective ways to Self-Promote. Start watching now by clicking here! Brought to you by Dorothy Tannahill-Moran â€" dedicated to unleashing your professional potential. Introvert Whisperer

Learn to Sing with the Vocal Range of a Tenor

Learn to Sing with the Vocal Range of a Tenor Singing Lessons to Get a Tenor Vocal Range ChaptersWhat is a Tenor Singer?Famous Tenors throughout the History of MusicThe Different Categories of TenorsMusic Exercises for Working on a Tenor’s Voice“A superb tenor voice, like a silver trumpet muffled in silk.”  Alec GuinnessLearning to sing is a good start. Now you just need to get to grips with the voice you've got (your voice type) and the vocal physiology that gives each singer their operatic singing voice.On a piano, the farther a note is to the left, the deeper the note is. On the other hand (literally), the farther a note is to the right, the higher the pitch.The human voice can make musical notes. After all, that’s what the art of singing is.  Handel, Mozart, Gounod, Wagner, Donizetti, Purcell. So many great composers have helped choristers and singers refine the art.  However, not everyone has a voice beautiful enough or capable of perfectly reproducing an opera.Even if everyone could reproduce a given note, they wouldn’t be able to reproduce every octave a cross the range of every musical instrument since such a range is huge.  That’s why voices are classified according to their range or tessitura, the range of notes and pitches they can perform from the lowest to the highest.The male voice generally covers bass, baritone, tenor, and countertenor while the female voice covers contralto, mezzo-soprano, and soprano. Within these classifications, there are also subdivisions depending on the role played and also the quality of the voice.The term “tenor” generally refers to male singers. This was the highest male voice in classical music with the exception of baroque music which included falsettos.If you want to be an opera singer, you should start young. However, girls won't ever be able to become a tenor. (Source: pixabay.com)When referring to women, we can talk about soprano or mezzo-soprano as the female counterpart to the male tenor.Intensity, range, rhythm, and timbre are the four main qualities of any voice.  Let’s look more closely at a tenor, how you can tell what it is, the best ways to get such a voice without hurting yourself, and how vocal training with a voice teacher can help any male singer (given that their natural voice is suited to the role) can become a tenor.Since we’re not talking about just changing your voice for the fun of it but rather for the love of music, we’ll try to remain as academic and realistic as possible.In terms of sound, the tenor (there was also the haute-contre and the baritenor) is a type of opera voice whose range is between the baritone and the alto and is considered the tip of the traditional male vocal range.In fact, due to the romantic music and operas of the 19th century, tenors are generally considered a chest voice while countertenors (the higher range) are considered to part of a head voice range.The range of opera singers' voices correspond to a range of notes like they do on a piano. (Source: freestocks.org)In most opera singing, the male melodies are f or tenors, like those of Giuseppe Verdi, whose Rigoletto is a perfect example.By making the most of their natural gifts, technically training as a tenor can be done as early as adolescence and young adulthood as long as they have a musical ear.It’s easier to slide from high to low or from a head voice to a chest voice. You’d rarely call the latter your voice “breaking”, after all.You’ll have to be able to sing in key before you can start working on these sorts of techniques. Otherwise, you should come back after a few catch up singing lessons.  The tenor is characterised by his dynamic support and diaphragmatic breathing.  This is what you’ll have to be able to do if you want to belong to this group of singers.While it may seem weird, it may be worth visiting a speech-language pathologist in certain cases. However, a good private tutor could also help you find your voice in certain cases.Of course, you have to know music theory if you want to be able to decipher the musi c you’re going to sing.  Being able to play another musical instrument like the piano, guitar, saxophone, cello, clarinet, etc. can also help you a lot when it comes to understanding the music theory and when you inevitably hit that false note in a song.Famous Tenors throughout the History of MusicSince the 19th century, tenors have been the pinnacle of the history of singing.  The French tenor Gilbert Duprez, who pioneered the delivery of a high C from the chest, is a name that should be remembered.  He was famous in the Barber of Seville in Paris as well as in Othello and William Tell in Italy.  These revolutionary elements were also taken on board, perhaps subconsciously, by the verismo Puccini.Humans have performed in front of one another for hundreds of years. (Source: Ugur Ugur)These historical elements allow us to better understand the kind of work that a tenor does. Something that we’ll see later on in the article.More recently, tenors like Pavarotti, who was both a legg ero and lyric tenor at the same time, have been very popular amongst music lovers, Roberto Alagna seems to be his “musical son” by performing the big roles in Rigoletto and Der Freischütz as well as being able to brilliantly perform modern and traditional songs, too.Plácido Domingo is another example with a deeper tessitura who’s great at playing roles like Don José in George Bizet’s Carmen, Calaf in Giacomo Puccini’s Turandot, and Manrico in Giuseppe Verdi’s Il Trovatore.While it’s quite the task trying to imitate these greats, that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t try!Look for singing lessons online.The Different Categories of TenorsWhile the tenor is a completely separate category to other vocal ranges (such as baritone and bass), it’s also a family of different ranges and types.No matter what type of tenor you are, you can probably expect to be backed by a full orchestra. (Source: pixabay.com)Generally speaking, musicians classify tenors into five different grou ps from the highest to the lowest ranges:the tenore di grazia, whose range is between C3 and E?5 (and occasionally all the way up to a high F like that in Bellini’s Credeasi Misera.the leggero tenor, with a wider rangethe lyric tenor, similar to the previous but with a wider range ( from C one octave below middle C (C3) to the D one octave above middle C (D5)The spinto tenor is similar to the lyric tenor but has a heavier timbre capable of more dramatic moments.the dramatic tenor has a range from the B one octave below middle C (B2) to the B one octave above middle C (B4) as well as a powerful voice capable of reaching up to 120dB.Each of these types of tenors can vary depending on the role being played, the age of the singer himself (a voice tends to get deeper as it ages), training, and practice.  You’ll see that the power of a voice, which is largely innate, can lead to a tenor being classified as one of the sub-types.Music Exercises for Working on a Tenor’s VoiceThere are several fundamental vocal techniques that any singer can use. For this, you should probably look for a specialised vocal coach to help you.  For example, without a quality voice coach, learning vibrato can be demoralising. Taking vocal classes online might be necessary before you end up practising certain types of singing.Vocal coaching, which can be quite physical, is there for those who want to refine their singing technique.The first thing you need to work on is your body: you need to ensure your chest and sternum are in the right posture as you vocalise.  Such bad habits can be rectified (once you’ve warmed up) by working on your posture and using breathing exercises.Similarly, the tenor should fight against the natural tendency to raise their throat and breathe with the top of their lungs.  For a real chest voice, you’ll need to focus on diaphragmatic breathing. Diaphragmatic breathing is one of the main goals rather than just a stage of learning to sing. If you want to be a soloist, you’ll have to have a nice timbre, not get stage fright, confidence, and a taste for improvisation.  A good singing lesson doesn’t just focus on your vocal cords, after all.You'll also have to work against losing your voice.  One thing that’s unique to tenors is the work they have to do because of their high range. Bit by bit, you’ll come across a number of exercises and get used to your own vocal range.The important thing is that you don’t skip any of the steps. You can’t start working on high notes if you haven’t even mastered the lower notes. You need to get the head voice before you move on to the chest voice. Patience and perseverance will take care of the rest.Daily exercises are necessary to stop you from stagnating but you’ll need a professional to help you master the physiological aspects.Find out more about how to sing as a mezzo soprano.If you're looking for vocal coaching, voice training,  Singing lessons London, Singing lessons Manchester, Sin ging lessons Edinburgh, you'll find what you need on Superprof.

What Is a Personal Trainer

What Is a Personal Trainer A Beginners Guide on How to Be a Personal Trainer ChaptersA Personal Trainer is Not a PE TeacherA Personal Trainer is Not a Sports CoachA Personal Trainer is Not a Gym InstructorA Personal Trainer is Not a Sports Professor“Those who can, do; those who can’t, teach.”This quote from French writer Muriel Barbery does not apply to personal training. Rather, it’s important that a fitness trainer can actually do what he teaches. You will need a personal trainer certification and practise at least one type of athletic discipline - whether it be kickboxing, tennis or weightlifting.In-home personal training involves setting up a customized, individual fitness program designed to improve your clients’ performance. Personal trainers come to their clients' home or else have their own personal training studio (often shared with one to three colleagues). They are self-employed.Unlike a gym instructor, a sports coach or a PE teacher, a home personal trainer is a versatile professional well-versed in several different areas so as to best help their clients tone up, stay motivated and keep on track toward their fitness goals.Born in the US, personal fitness training crossed the Pond in the 1980s and is becoming more and more popular.Are you stressed out in the face of an exam or lacking in self-confidence?Are you having trouble with your weight loss goals and want to shed body fat?You want to change your lifestyle, improve your health and fitness or get back in shape?You have heard of the benefits of stretching or circuit training?You want to know more about home personal training?Superprof is here to help you out and explain what exactly a personal trainer is - and what he is not. CalumDrama School Entrance Teacher 5.00 (15) £50/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ToriSpanish Teacher 5.00 (1) £15/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors OliviaSchool support Teacher 5.00 (2) £21/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors MarkESOL (English) Teacher 4.76 (17) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors Yuwe iChinese Teacher 4.33 (6) £19/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors JenniferMusic reading Teacher 5.00 (1) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors LouiseAutoCAD Teacher 5.00 (3) £60/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors RickyPercussion Teacher 5.00 (7) £35/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors NicolasGuitar Teacher 5.00 (2) £35/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors MyriamOrganic chemistry Teacher 5.00 (13) £20/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors JonathanEconomics Teacher 5.00 (9) £40/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors Oluwakemi imoleMaths Teacher 5.00 (1) £30/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors AlexPhysics Teacher 5.00 (1) £50/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors AdamSinging Teacher 5.00 (14) £48/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors ValentiniMusic reading Teacher 5.00 (2) £50/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors MilenaMaths Teacher 5.00 (5) £25/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutors RashmiEconomics Teacher 5.00 (1) £35/h1st lesson free!Discover all our tutorsA Personal Trainer is Not a PE TeacherThough personal trainers and PE teachers are both considered a fitness professional, they are radically different in the way they work.A PE teachers’ function is to educate about sportsWhile a PE teacher is there to introduce children to the world of sports, a certified personal trainer will meet with you at home or in a fitness studio to help you get fit and achieve your goals, whether losing weight or winning prizes in bodybuilding competitions.What does a personal fitness instructor have to offer that a PE teacher doesn’t?One on one coaching tailored specifically to you, to help you:Become more muscularGet in shapeLose weightStay motivatedEstablish a fitness routine that works for youTake care of your body by improving your nutrition habitsA PE teacher, on the other hand, is an educator working in a school. He or she operates in an entirely different way.Find information about online tutori ng jobs for personal trainers.A PE teacher's job is to introduce children to fitness and sports while a personal trainer focuses on the exercise needs of adult clients. Photo credit: USAG-Humphreys on Visual huntA PE teacher will need to create a curriculum of group training exercises to introduce students to sports theory (postures, rules of various sports disciplines such as rugby, football or boxing) as well as practice in each of the types of sports.A good PE teacher develops their students’ motor skills as well as their sense of initiative, respect toward other players and instils in them respect for the rules, team spirit and fair play.His or her role is that of instruction rather than the elaboration of individualized exercise programs.What essential qualities must a personal trainer embody?Certification and responsibilities of a PE teacherLike any English or maths teacher, PE teacher must go through Initial Teacher Education or Training (ITET), either through a university degree or work-based training.To become a personal trainer, you will need personal training certification. Ideally, this means a Level 3 Personal Training certificate. There are specialist schools with training programs for fitness instructors, or you can do on-the-job training at fitness clubs and gain your trainer certification through them.It is also imperative that you get a first-aid certification in CPR and learn how to deal with injuries. You might also want to get AED certification (Automated External Defribillator), especially if you plan on working in senior fitness.Other credentials you might consider adding to your portfolio are:A Kinesiology certification program on exercise physiologyA diploma in rehab training techniquesStudies in anatomyDietitian or nutritional specialist certification programsSports medicine (at a college or through a continuing education program)Additional skills will help you sell yourself as a personal trainer!A personal fitness instructor is muc h more than just a trainer. He is a fitness expert and a wellness coach, helping people by establishing a fitness plan exactly suited to their needs.Also check out this complete guide to personal trainer qualifications...A Personal Trainer is Not a Sports CoachThough certainly coaching is part of a personal trainer’s job, they do not prepare athletes for competitions or bring a sports team up to par.Though the prerequisites and goals are similar - a sports coach needs a good knowledge of anatomy and exercise science and will have to motivate their athletes to give their best - sports coaches will have set up a training program to meet their own goals or that of the sports club (as opposed to the athletes’) and will generally train in group fitness sessions.A sports coach will help the sports club and trainer find the right exercises to reach their goals and motivate the athletes, but will not offer tailor-made solutions to each individual athlete of a team.While personal trainer s might train professional athletes, they do it on a more personal level than sports coaches. A personal trainer won't train a whole team. Photo credit: Chris Hunkeler on Visual HuntA personal fitness trainer or fitness instructor, on the other hand, can offer his services “à la carte”.Indeed, after a first consultation with the client, he or she will find out what their fitness goals might be:They are interested in cardio exercisesThey want to learn PilatesThey want postnatal exercises to lose pregnancy weightThey want the burn of aerobic exercises without the pressure of group exercise classes at fitness clubs.They are struggling against depression and want to take up climbing or weight lifting to boost their morale.A sports coach might be working for a club or be self-employed, training a local children’s team or a national team, but either way, his functions and responsibilities differ from those of a personal trainer.In terms of qualifications, a sports coach will need n ational governing body-approved certification specific to the sport he or she is coaching, either through a university program or directly through his sports’ NGB.Some venues expect you to have a degree in sports medicine or in sports coaching and development.Join the discussion: how should you train to become a personal trainer?A Personal Trainer is Not a Gym InstructorThe role of a personal trainer is also different from that of a gym instructor, though both work in the fitness industry.So what is the difference between a gym instructor and a personal trainer?A gym instructor will work in gyms or other fitness centres as a group fitness instructor. He or she is charged with introducing people to various sports disciplines.In a gymnasium, a sports instructor might give youth fitness lessons and try and encourage a love of sports through fun, physically energetic games.For adolescents and adults, the goal is to improve muscular strength and flexibility. It favours more gentle, rhy thmic exercises to keep people fit and healthy.Here, the spotlight is not on achieving certain fitness goals but simply on having a healthy body and feeling more dynamic. It’s more recreational than competitive, and the workout is not as high intensity.You will notice a big difference between learning boxing in a gym class of twenty people and with a one-on-one personal trainer. Photo credit: steele_chas on Visual huntSome are geared toward a specific demographic: youth programs, handicapped, senior citizens etc.A home personal trainer, though, will help people build core strength and gain muscle mass, with a personal training program geared toward their strengths and endurance all the while scheduling around the client’s busy life. They will craft challenging personal training sessions that will keep them motivated.Note that some gyms offer personal trainer services who will work with clients much as a home trainer will - only at the gym itself. Some gyms even specialise in off ering one on one training.A Personal Trainer is Not a Sports ProfessorA personal trainer won’t give a lecture on the benefits of Crossfit for scoliosis. He is not a teacher, but a coach.A professor for sports medicine or exercise science will most likely be attached to a university or other institute of higher learning. He or she will likely have a diploma or  PhD in a sports subject.A sports professor’s role is to impart theoretical knowledge and recruit the next generation of fitness professionals. They will encourage and motivate the students, including on a physical level in group sports lessons, but not in the sense of setting up daily exercise routines and accompanying a weight loss or muscle-building journey.While a certain knowledge of anatomy is useful for a personal trainer, they won't be teaching it at Uni. Photo credit: Rob Swatski on Visualhunt.comThey will also be active in promoting sports and fitness - a more political than a physical role.Basically, what separat es personal trainers from other fitness and sports specialists is the emphasis on a personalized, 1 on 1 guidance throughout the workout, but also in other areas of the client’s life, such as giving nutritional advice.The workout is also adapted to the client’s level and fitness goals. A constant fitness assessment will aid him in improving the client’s performance, general fitness and health.Now discover how best to market your skills as a personal trainer...

1 Sqare Meter - Maths Online Tutoring

1 Sqare Meter - Maths Online Tutoring Definition: - The area of a surface, whose each equal side is equal to one meter is called square meter and it is also known as meter square (m^2). This figure shows a square where all the four sides are equal to 1 meter. Hence the area of surface enclosed by four sides is 1 square meter or 1 meter square. 1 square meter is the standard international (SI) unit of measuring area of a surface. Sub- multiples of standard unit area: - 1 square centimeter (cm ^2) Hectare One square kilometer (km ^2) Relation between 1 square meter, centimeter square and hectare: - 1 m^2 = 1 m * 1 m = 100 cm * 100 cm = 10000 cm^2 = 10 ^4 cm^2 Therefore, 1 m^2 = 10^4 cm^2 1 hectare = 100 m * 100 m 1 hectare = 10000 m^2 1 hectare = 10^4 m^2 Therefore 1 m^2 = 10 ^ (-4) hectare 1 km^2 = 1000 m * 1000 m =1000000 m^2 = 10^6 m^2 1 m^2 = 10 ^ (-6) km^2 Question 1: - A school hall measure 20 m in length and 12 meters in breadth. Find its area in square meter. Solution: - Area of school hall = length * breadth = 20 m * 12 m = 240 m^2 Question 2: - The length of a school compound is 450 m and breadth is 145 m. find the area of the compound in square meter. Solution: - Area = length * breadth = 450*145 m^2 = 65250 m^2

10 Common Italian Stereotypes That Are Actually True

10 Common Italian Stereotypes That Are Actually True Brooke Neuman Italy, the land of contemporary fashion, historical art and men who adore their mothers, hand-gesturing enthusiasts, and gatherings about Dante? Actually, yes! While most Italian stereotypes are inaccuratefor example, all Italians are not mobsters and the men dont look like Super Mariothere are  a handful of stereotypes that hold some small kernel of truth. Below are the  10 most common Italian stereotypes that are actually true. 10 Common Italian Stereotypes 1. Italians Cant Live Without Pasta Italians live for foodin particular pasta. In fact, Italians consume the most pasta in the world, averaging 60 pounds a year for every man, woman, and child in the country. While most Americans cook dry pasta out of a box, Italians make pasta with precision from scratch. This dedication to quality plus the fact that Italians are the top consumers of pasta, makes Italy the champion of pasta. 2. Italians  Talk With Their Hands What if you could  communicate with someone only through hand gestures? Well, in Italy, you can! Italians use hand gestures to  enliven conversations, strengthen their point, and communicate on a non-verbal level. Theres a running joke in Italy that you can understand a conversation thats out of hearing range just from watching  someones  hand gestures. This endearing habit makes Italians some of the most expressive and passionate  speakers in the world. 3. Italians are All About La  Famiglia Family is so important in Italy that youll find that many Italians either live close to their parents or in the same house. In fact, its common for adults in their  20s and 30s to live with their parents. The  ties that bind families together are undeniably strong. Families often gather weekly for a meal or  stay in close contact. And yes, mamma rules the roost. 4. Italians are Habitually Late Everything in Italy happens on its own timeline, including work and appointments. If you comment on someones tardiness, most Italians will tell you that they just wanted to stop for  a coffee or smoke a cigarette before arriving, and that they were in fact on timeItalian time! This relaxed mindset can also be seen on the streets, as most people walk at a relatively leisurely pace. While habitual lateness is viewed as a negative thing in the United States, in Italy it is a reflection of taking life slowly and appreciating the moment. 5. Italians are Die-hard Football  Fans Juventus, Milan, Interâ€"these are just a few of the most famous names youll hear being thrown around when Italians are discussing football. Italians take soccer very seriously, and when theres a game on, all attention is directed toward it. Italians cant get enough of football because its a  chance for them to unite with their local team and express their regional pride. Since Italy was first composed of individual regions, Italians mostly identify with their regional culture rather than with Italy as a whole. 6. Italians Love a Good Cappuccino Breakfast in Italy is sacred. Unlike a  typical American breakfast, which includes eggs, bacon, and toast, an authentic Italian breakfast usually includes a cornetto (similar to a croissant) and a cappuccino. The quality of cappuccino in Italy, and coffee in general, is taken very seriously as well. Italians love the mix of coffee, milk and foam, and its an art in itself. Italians will travel blocks to find the best cappuccino. 7. Italians are Obsessed with Fashion Like coffee, fashion is wildly popular in Italy. Just look at all of the famous designers that hail from Italy, including Prada, Armani, Versacethe list goes on. Italians feel an obligation to fare la bella figura, or appear nicely in all respects, and fashion is a big component of that. While everything doesnt have to be designer, Italians like to wear high-quality fabrics.  Individualism is also valued in Italy, and men arent afraid to wear bright colors. In fact, dont be surprised if you  see men wearing orange, blue, or pink pants. 8. Italians Arent Scared of Public Affection Italians are no strangers to affection. In fact, its very common to see lovers embracing and kissing one another in public. Whats more, dont be  surprised to see two male friends expressing affection by walking closely together, perhaps with one arm across the others back for a few moments as they talk  and stroll. The warmth and outgoing nature of Italian culture encourages the expression of emotions, whether its crying, screaming, or showing affection. This is one of the reasons why Italians greet one another with the  classic kissing of the cheeks. 9. Italians Love  the  Opera A nation riveted by Puccini, Rossini and Bellini, Italians love the opera. Hordes of people  attend outdoor performances in amphitheaters, and its not surprising to find people discussing their favorite opera composer or the last performance they saw. Italians are very well-versed in opera and have strong opinions about the art form. Opera is similar to soccer in terms of  its widespread appreciation, attendance, and passion. It also showcases the beauty of the Italian language, which is another reason why it is beloved throughout Italy. 10. Italians Cant Get Enough of Dantes Divine Comedy Ask any Italian to recite the Divine Comedy and chances are they will be able to recite at least  some, if not a substantial amount. Italians are required to dedicate a significant amount of time studying each part of the Divine Comedyâ€"Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise. Dante is idolized in Italy for writing in the most purest form of Italian, the Tuscan dialect.  The famed poet  is so popular youll  find societies devoted to studying the  medieval text. Well, there you have it. Can you think of any more Italian stereotypes we should add to the list? Do you agree or disagree with some of them? Let us know in the comments below! Post Author:  Nadia B. Nadia B. teaches Italian in New York, NY. She graduated summa cum laude from New York University, with a double degree in Italian Language and Literature and Classical Music Performance.  Learn more about Nadia here! Interested in Private Lessons? Search thousands of teachers for local and live, online lessons. Sign up for convenient, affordable private lessons today! Search for Your Teacher

How to Use Conditional Reasoning to Crush LSAT Logic Games

How to Use Conditional Reasoning to Crush LSAT Logic Games LSAT Law School Blog The LSAT Logic Games section is the shortest section of the LSAT. Yet it often provokes the strongest feelings among LSAT test-takers. People either love this section, or they hate it. Both sides have a point. LSAT Logic Games either confuse or stimulate curiosity. The key to doing well on, and mastering, these Games is paying careful attention to detail. Pay very careful attention to the information these Games present, and extract as much additional data from that information as possible. One area where this skill can be applied is in conditional reasoning. The LSAT Logic Games section often uses conditional reasoning (e.g., If A, then B) to express one or more rules, ask questions, and, in the process, confuse students. The key to overcoming the LSAT’s use of conditional reasoning is to understand critical differences between conditional statements and then to use these statements to draw helpful inferences. What is Conditional Reasoning? Conditional reasoning is an area of logic that is prevalent mostly on the Logical Reasoning and Logic Games sections of the LSAT. It involves the use of “sufficient” and “necessary” conditions. Students should have a firm grasp of these concepts in general to perform well on the LSAT. A “sufficient” condition literally refers to something that is “enough.” It implies the existence of something else. On the LSAT, it will usually take the form of the statement “If A is in Group 1, then B is in Group 1.” That means that the condition “A is in Group 1” is sufficient for B to be in Group 1. In contrast, a “necessary” condition literally refers to something that is “required.” Unlike a sufficient condition, it does not yield an inference. Thus, the condition above that “B is in Group 1” does not mean that A is also in Group 1. It simply means that it is possible A could be in Group 1. How the LSAT Uses Conditional Reasoning to Confuse Students The LSAT will attempt to make students confuse something that is required for an event to occur for something that is sufficient for an event to occur, and vice versa. Let’s consider the following hypothetical example on an LSAT Logic Game: If Braden is placed in English 102, then Celeste is not placed in English 102. This is a common rule that appears on a Logic Game that involves pure grouping where certain variables are either “in or out” of a certain arrangement. This particular Game will usually entail some grouping of students in a class, and the rules that are provided will require you to plug in certain students in that class and exclude others. The rule above tells us that, if Braden is placed in English 102, that event implies that Celeste will not be placed in English 102. We would diagram this rule as follows: B -- C The contrapositive of this rule would be, “If Celeste is placed in English 102, then Braden is not placed in English 102.” We would diagram the contrapositive as follows: C -- B Now consider if one of the rules or questions in this Logic Game presented you with the following slightly different statement: If Braden is not placed in English 102, then Celeste must be placed in English 102. This is a slightly different statement, but it has major implications when it is applied. In contrast to the first rule above, this second rule tells us that, if Braden is not placed in English 102, then that event implies that Celeste will have to be placed in English 102. We would diagram this rule as follows: B -- C The contrapositive of this rule would be, “If Celeste is not placed in English 102, then Braden must be placed in English 102.” We would diagram it as follows: C -- B These two rules appear similar, but they apply themselves differently. The test writers will often try to confuse you with similarities like these. You will have to recognize the differences and diagram/document them correctly. How to Use Conditional Statements to Identify Scenarios Recognizing the differences between conditional statements is one thing. Using them to draw proper inferences is another animal altogether. This is where you earn your money on the LSAT. To perform well (or exceptionally well) on LSAT Logic Games, you need to infer additional rules from the rules that are provided. Developing and applying this skill will help you answer questions more quickly. If you are aiming for a very high score, it will, in part, mean the difference between missing a few questions on this section, and answering every question correctly. To draw proper inferences, it helps first to identify scenarios yielded by a given rule. Let’s do this with our first rule above: If Braden is placed in English 102, then Celeste is not placed in English 102. You will recall that we diagrammed this rule as follows: B -- C This rule yields FOUR potential scenarios. Your ability to recognize and document these four scenarios will determine how well you will perform on this particular Logic Game, and how quickly you can answer the questions. The four scenarios are the following: 1) B is placed in English 102; C is out This scenario is a straight application of the rule above. If B is placed in English 102, then C cannot be placed in the same class. Otherwise, it would be a violation of the rule. 2) C is placed in English 102; B is out This scenario is a straight application of the contrapositive of the rule above. If C (instead of B) is placed in English 102, then B cannot be placed in the same class. Otherwise, it would be a violation of the rule. 3) Both B and C are placed in English 102 = Not Possible This scenario is not possible and can never happen. Neither the rule (Scenario 1 above) nor its contrapositive (Scenario 2 above) permit this scenario from occurring. 4) Neither B nor C is placed in English 102 = Possible Although both B and C cannot be placed in English 102 (Scenario 3 above), it is possible for neither C nor C to be placed in English 102. The rule and its contrapositive do not prohibit this scenario. The rule applies only if either B or C is placed in English 102. If neither is placed in English 102, then the rule does not apply. If B was not placed in English 102, that does not mean C must automatically be placed in the class. Instead, C also could be excluded from English 102. Notice that these scenarios would not play out in the same way if, instead, we were dealing with a Logic Game that involved two separate groups (i.e., Team 1 or Team 2; or Group 1 or Group 2), where certain variables were either in one group or the other, as opposed to our Game above, where they are either “in or out.” In that case, the scenario where neither B nor C is selected would not be possible. However, here, it is possible because there is no other class (that we know of) where B or C could be placed. Our rule deals only with the people who are placed in English 102; it does not deal with the people who are not placed in English 102. Let’s now identify the scenarios yielded by our second rule: If Braden is not placed in English 102, then Celeste must be placed in English 102. You will recall that we diagrammed this rule as follows: B -- C Like our first rule, this rule yields FOUR potential scenarios: 1) B is not placed in English 102; C is placed in English 102 This scenario is a straight application of the rule above. If B is not placed in English 102, then C must be placed in the class. Otherwise, it would be a violation of the rule. 2) C is not placed in English 102; B is placed in English 102 This scenario is a straight application of the contrapositive of the rule above. If C (instead of B) is not placed in English 102, then B must be placed in the class. Otherwise, it would be a violation of the rule. 3) Neither B nor C is placed in English 102 = Not Possible This scenario is the opposite of our other Scenario 3. Whereas the former stated that placing both B and C in English 102 was not possible, this rule dictates that placing neither in English 102 is not possible. In other words, you can never have an English 102 class where both B and C are not placed in it. 4) Both B and C are placed in English 102 = Possible Although both B and C cannot be excluded from English 102 (Scenario 3 above), it is possible for both C and C to be placed in English 102. The rule and its contrapositive do not prohibit this scenario. The rule applies only if either B or C is not placed in English 102. If both are placed in English 102, then the rule does not apply. If B was placed in English 102, that does not mean C must automatically be excluded from the class. Instead, C also could be placed in English 102. Some students will get confused with this scenario and will not anticipate it. They will conclude that either B or C must be placed in English 102, but they will not conclude that both could be placed in the class. How to Use Conditional Statements to Draw Inferences As noted above, to perform well on LSAT Logic Games, you must draw as many inferences as possible from the rules provided. With respect to our first rule above (If Braden is placed in English 102, then Celeste is not placed in English 102; or B -- C), the first set of scenarios we predicted above help us draw two inferences: First, we can draw the inference that, at all times, at least either B or C will not be placed in English 102. This is reflected in Scenarios 1 and 2. When you diagram this Logic Game, you would make a note of this inference on your diagram. Second, we can draw the inference that there will never be a situation where both B and C are placed in English 102 (Scenario 3). Again, you would make a note of this inference on your diagram. Note that we cannot draw the inference that, at all times, at least either B or C will be placed in English 102. Rather, both could be excluded, as reflected by Scenario 4 above. With respect to our second rule above (If Braden is not placed in English 102, then Celeste must be placed in English 102; or B -- C), the second set of scenarios we predicted above also help us draw two inferences: First, we can draw the inference that, at all times, at least either B or C will be placed in English 102. This is reflected in Scenarios 1 and 2. You would make a note of this inference on your diagram. Second, we can draw the inference that there will never be a situation where neither B nor C is placed in English 102 (Scenario 3). You would note that as well on your diagram. Note that we cannot draw the inference that, at all times, at least either B or C will not be placed in English 102. Rather, both could be included, as reflected by Scenario 4. These are quick inferences you can make with this type of Logic Game. They don’t help you know everything about the Game, but they help you learn enough to help you answer certain questions rapidly. Conditional reasoning can often pose difficult problems for students. The key to overcoming these difficulties is to understand critical differences between conditional statements and then to use these statements to draw specific inferences that help you map out the possibilities in a Logic Game and then answer questions about those possibilities. About the Author: This article was written by Robert M. Fojo from LSAT Freedom. Robert graduated from Harvard Law School and is a co-founder of LSAT Freedom, an online LSAT prep course that emphasizes learning the logic on the exam and then applying that knowledge through practice with real LSAT questions. Robert frequently writes about tips and strategies for doing well on the LSAT. To get other helpful ideas for performing well on the LSAT and improving your score, join LSAT Freedom’s free newsletter hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(215486, '6baac2ae-05a3-4610-9d1f-265c8cbd809f', {});